Analysis and Interpretation

Impressionist movement. He saw â€Å"Claude Motet's Impression, Sunrise exhibited in 1874, and stated it was a sketch or â€Å"impression† not finished painting. Short visible strokes are the style included in Impressionism. This may include dots, commas, smears and/or blobs. Paintings in this style often show shadows and highlights in color. This style of loose brushwork gives an effect of spontaneity and effortlessness. Brief moments of life are shown in paintings by Impressionism artists. (Art T. M. , 2000-2014). There was major political and social transition in central Europe that helped lead into theImpressionism period. This included the 19th Century industrial expansion. Farmers were forced to become paid labors in factories. Governments across Europe are exploring methods to balance the polarities of social right and material progress. Churches were trying to use new scientific knowledge and social theory against the ancient scriptures. â€Å"France was experiencing various governments and various forms of government rising and succeeding another between the absolute monarchies that ends with Louis the XVI in 1789† (Hammerings, 1998).Among these turbulent years France saw lattice outcomes that range from reign Of terror, constitutional monarchy, a republic, a royal restoration and a socialist commune as well as the Napoleonic Empire. These artists came together due to the fact that they were dissatisfied with the Salon system. This was for multiple reasons. It included the type of art being sold and the structure for exhibiting and selling art. Paris become a city in which mass spending was a major activity. Stores with generous windows displays existed. Art exhibitions were becoming more widespread. Many people collected art in the same manor that the bought ewe clothes.Art was displayed in a manner that made people want to purchase it. It was the beginning of advertising. Magazines would display beautiful women with the artwork. AY. La ter Historical Art Period – Post Impressionism Roger Fry invented Post-Impressionism as he got ready for an exhibition at Grafton Gallery in London in 191 0 (Geris-Nisei, 2014). ‘ ‘The show was called â€Å"Meant and the Post-Impressionists† (November 8, 1910-January 15, 191 1), a canny marketing ploy to pair a brand name (?dotard Meant) with younger French artists whose work was not well known on the other side of theEnglish Channel† (Geris-Nisei, 2014). Vincent van Gogh, Paul CZane, Paul Gauguin, George Serrate, Andre Derail, and other painters were included in the exhibition. Post Impressionists expanded Impressionism while not giving into its limitations. They persistently used vivid colors, thick application of paint, and real-life subjects. Post Impressionist artists were likely to emphasize geometric forms, to distort forms for expressive effect, and to use unnatural colors. With the use of vivid colors and forms, their art was characterized by visual and abstract tendencies (Gallery, 2002-2013).The social and political proceedings in France during the sass were years of extremes. The French underwent rapid industrialization and economic growth. In the mid 1 8805 they were subject to the depression. They also had to deal mentally with its defeat by the Prussian in 1 870 (History, 1979-1980). Industrialization brought in capitalism to the society with materialism as the key point. Revolutionary painting techniques were used to attempt to outrage the art-loving public. AY. Relationship Impressionism and Post-Impressionism refers to an influential artistic movement.It was started by a group of artist that wanted to open paintings up to a different approach. The artists were also rejected by the art galleries at that time. I feel these artists were looking for a way to provide support for themselves at a time when France's government was unstable. Both of these styles were able to let artists to open up in the type of paints that were completed. This allowed the next style of paintings to arise. AAA. Similarities and Differences Similarities between Impressionists and Post-Impressionists are they both obtain real-life subject, distinctive brushstrokes, thick layers of paint and vivid lord.The artists in both periods painted landscapes and scenes of modern life (Online, 2007-2014). The Impressionist painted in the open air and used a palette of pure colors. The Impressionist painters were concerned With way that light or sunshine lights up the subject-matter. Paintings of this type were much quicker to be completed. The main difference between both styles is that Post-impressionism aimed to attain more form and structure, as well as more expression and emotion into their paintings. Post-Impressionists rejected Impressionism's concern with the spontaneous and naturalistic endearing of light and color† (Online, 2007-2014).Instead they placed more emphasis on more symbolic content, formal order and st ructure (Online, 2007-2014). Post Impressionism artists did their paintings in an indoor studio. They could take hours to complete a single painting. Baby. Explanation Nature painted in the terms of light and color were a style of Impressionism. Post impressionists painted with emotion, and intellect. They wanted to express their paintings beyond the appearance. There paintings stressed their personal view of the world. Post- impressionism artists' used both color ND form to describe emotions.Post-Impressionists rejected Impressionism's apprehension with the unprompted and naturalistic rendering of light and color. Post Impressionists favor a prominence on more symbolic content, formal order and structure. They also believed that color could be impartial from form and composition and an exciting bearer Of meaning (Online, 2007-2014). AY Comparison of Works have chosen two paintings to compare â€Å"The White Bridge† by John Henry Attachment and â€Å"Traces on Water† b y Claudia Presence. I personally really like both of these paintings. They both contain bodies of water. Would prefer the second selection if had to chose one. Eke the vivid colors and the deepness of the water. The second painting is of a body of water that I would like to see in nature. It looks beautiful and peaceful. ‘The White Bridge' by John Henry Attachment (Attachment). â€Å"The White Bridge† scene captures the blossoming of spring. It has loosely feathery brushstrokes of green and rich brown colors. The painting shows the peacefulness of the water. The bridge crosses over a body of water that has a reflective surface. The white bridge stands out in contrast to the rest of the painting. The bridge was painted in light airy tokes. Would like to think there may have been trees close by. Chicago, 2000, p. 94). â€Å"Traces on Water† by Claudia Presence (Presence). The water shown here is the main element in the picture. Water is a basic element of survival. The dark blue-green color shows the depth, and stillness of the water. The color in this picture are more vivid than the painting by John Henry Attachment. This painting shows the difference between the perception of light and the beauty of nature. In Presence's paintings the lines and curves are more abstract and suggestive than in some traditional Impressionist art (Art F. ). This painting hints at the objects they represent rather than showing them realistically.AY. Influence of Later Historical Art Period personal styles that focused on the emotional, structural and spiritual elements are another reason that the post impressionism came from Impressionism (Post Impressionism ; The Roots of Modern Art). The artists by drastically influencing styles and artistic expression were able to influence generations of artists to follow. Their combined contributions to the artistic roots of modern art assisted for the next eighty years (Post Impressionism – The Roots of Modern Art). I have enjoyed researching and learning in depth about the two different types of paintings.

Ways to Keep the the Neighbourhood Clean

Ways to keep your neighborhood clean and green Good morning to†¦. Today, I would like to talk about â€Å"Ways to keep your neighborhood clean and green†. It is important to keep our neighborhood clean and green. There are many ways to do this but they need to be done correctly. Some jobs we can do are to make sure we clean up our garbage and recycle items around the house. I love my community and I do not like to see it littered and dirty. We need to do our best to keep our community looking clean.Everyday, plants and animals become extinct as their habitats are destroyed by human influence. At this rate, our world will become extinct quickly. Picking up trash when people are out in public would greatly help this situation. It is not hard to find a trash can in parks. Making sure people clean up would benefit everyone. If people see trash which is not theirs, they could pick it up themselves knowing they did something to help the world. You can make your neighborhood a c leaner and safer place by organizing a neighborhood cleanup.Another great way to make sure we keep our neighborhood clean and green is to pick up garbage we find in ditches and highway. This purposes is keeping our Earth healthy. Ways to keep the highways clean are being cautious trash is not thrown out of car windows and going outside to clean up the ditch. Always keep a litter bag in your car so you won’t be tempted to toss unwanted trash out the window. Going out once a week to clean up ditch would not only make it look nicer, but also keep the neighborhood healthy. The litter found in ditches can harm our environment.People need to do their best not to pollute. Prevention is an important step, so set a litter-free example for your family, friends, co-workers and neighbors to help keep your community. Each year, each person uses almost a 100-foot tall Douglas Fir Tree in paper and wood products. There is a great importance for recycling to reduce the amount of trees cut do wn. It is not a hard task to separate your recyclable items from trash items. Recycling would save about 75,000 trees. Recycling is a great way to keep your neighborhood clean and green.Besides that, growing trees and other plants in your community is a healthy step toward keeping your neighborhood beautiful. Take part in an effort to plant a tree along residential streets. These ways about are simple jobs which can make a big difference in our world. If everyone does their part, then we will live in a cleaner and greener neighborhood. Doing these can give people the opportunity to make their neighborhood clean and green so get started today in making your neighborhood clean and green. Thank you.

Can Video Games Make Kids More Violent Essay

Can video games make kids more violent? A new study employing state-of-the-art brain-scanning technology says that the answer may be yes. Researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine say that brain scans of kids who played a violent video game showed an increase in emotional arousal – and a corresponding decrease of activity in brain areas involved in self-control, inhibition and attention. Does this mean that your teenager will feel an uncontrollable urge to go on a shooting rampage after playing â€Å"Call of Duty?† Vince Mathews, the principal investigator on the study, hesitates to make that leap. But he says he does think that the study should encourage parents to look more closely at the types of games their kids are playing. â€Å"Based on our results, I think parents should be aware of the relationship between violent video-game playing and brain function.† Mathews and his colleagues chose two action games to include in their research — one violent the other not. The first game was the high-octane but non-violent racing game â€Å"Need for Speed: Underground.† The other was the ultra-violent first-person shooter â€Å"Medal of Honor: Frontline.† The team divided a group of 44 adolescents into two groups, and randomly assigned the kids to play one of the two games. Immediately after the play sessions, the children were given MRIs of their brains. The scans showed a negative effect on the brains of the teens who played â€Å"Medal of Honor† for 30 minutes. That same effect was not present in the kids who played â€Å"Need for Speed.† The only difference? Violent content. What’s not clear is whether the activity picked up by the MRIs indicates a lingering — or worse, permanent — effect on the kids’ brains. And it’s also not known what effect longer play times might have. The scope of this study was 30 minutes of play, and one brain scan per kid, although further research is in the works. OK. But what about violent TV shows? Or violent films? Has anyone ever done a brain scan of kids that have just watched a violent movie? Someone has. John P. Murray, a psychology professor at Kansas State University, conducted a very similar experiment, employing the same technology used in Mathews’ study. His findings are similar. Kids in his study experienced increased emotional arousal when watching short clips from the boxing movie â€Å"Rocky IV.† So, why is everyone picking on video games? Probably because there’s a much smaller body of research on video games. They just haven’t been around as long as TV and movies, so the potential effects on children are a bigger unknown. That’s a scary thing for a parent. Larry Ley, the director and coordinator of research for the Center for Successful Parenting, which funded Mathews’ study, says the purpose of the research was to help parents make informed decisions. â€Å"There’s enough data that clearly indicates that [game violence] is a problem,† he says. â€Å"And it’s not just a problem for kids with behavior disorders.† But not everyone is convinced that this latest research adds much to the debate – particularly the game development community. One such naysayer is Doug Lowenstein, president of the Entertainment Software Association. â€Å"We’ve seen other studies in this field that have made dramatic claims but turn out to be less persuasive when objectively analyzed.† The ESA has a whole section of its Web site dedicated to t he topic of video game violence, which would suggest that they get asked about it — a lot. And they’ve got plenty of answers at the ready for the critics who want to lay school shootings or teen aggression at the feet of the game industry. Several studies cited by the ESA point to games’ potential benefits for developing decision-making skills or bettering reaction times. Ley, however, argues such studies aren’t credible because they were produced by â€Å"hired guns† funded by the multi-billion-dollar game industry. â€Å"We’re not trying to sell [parents] anything,† he says. â€Å"We don’t have a product. The video game industry does.† Increasingly parents are more accepting of video game violence, chalking it up to being a part of growing up. â€Å"I was dead-set against violent video games,† says Kelley Windfield, a Sammamish, Wa.-based mother of two. â€Å"But my husband told me I had to start loosening up.† Laura Best, a mother of three from Clovis, Calif., says she looks for age-appropriate games for her 14 year-old son, Kyle. And although he doesn’t play a lot of games, he does tend to gravitate towards shooters like â€Å"Medal of Honor.† But she isn’t concerned that Kyle will become aggressive as a result. â€Å"That’s like saying a soccer game or a football game will make a kid more aggressive,† she says. â€Å"It’s about self-control, and you’ve got to learn it.† Ley says he believes further research, for which the Center for Successful Parenting is trying to arrange, will prove a cause-and-effect relationship between game violence and off-screen aggression. But for now, he says, the study released last week gives his organization the ammunition it needs to prove that parents  need to be more aware of how kids are using their free time. â€Å"Let’s quit using various Xboxes as babysitters instead of doing healthful activities,† says Ley, citing the growing epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States. And who, really, can argue with that?

European Union, Problem of anti-semistism in Hungary Research Paper

European Union, Problem of anti-semistism in Hungary - Research Paper Example Recent news reports agrees that Hungary displays a heightened level of public anti-Semitism not witnessed since 1940s. The heightened level of hatred came into effect after an anti-Semitism political party called Jobbik gained ground in Hungarian Parliament (Chanes 01). Leaders of this party are plainly anti-Semitic. In October 2013, one member of Hungarian parliament belonging to Jobbik party proposed enlistment and identification of Jewish politicians as potential threat to national security. As if the proposal for enlistment was not enough, Jobbik party leaders were quoted saying, â€Å"†¦anti-Semitism is not just our right, but it is the duty of every Hungarian homeland lover, and we must prepare for armed battle against the Jews.† (Hurd 01) In order to substantiate the level of prejudice towards Hungarian Jews, the European Union conducted a survey in Hungary. 90% of all Jews respondents during the survey asserted that political anti-Semitism is a â€Å"very big† issue in the country (Fejer 01). Anti-Semitism is not new in Hungary. During the Second World War, precisely in 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. Occupation of Nazis in collaboration with Hungarian police forces led to massacre and deportation of thousands of Jews from Budapest. Based on this historical glimpse, Israel voiced their concerns on the growing anti-Semitism in Hungary. America, Israel and the entire European Union fears that Jobbik Party is stirring an anti-Semitic pot, which might eventually boil over causing violence in Hungarian streets similar to that in 1944 (Keinon 01). Unlike the historic anti-Semitism conducted by Nazis, the one in Hungary today is based on issues of political power rather than social and economic aspects (Strauss 42). Therefore, the only way to end this problem is to enact national policies that monitors and controls the rise of anti-Semitism in Hungarian politics. In order to ensure

Green Wedge Policy in Norfolk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green Wedge Policy in Norfolk - Assignment Example It is realised that the strategic gap and green wedge policies are important for the cities, being more flexible than the Green Belt policy. Local landscape planning authorities have seen the need of preserving an uncluttered landscape for conservation, as maintaining environmental balance is highly important for the city dwellers. When Green Wedge policy came into being, Norfolk was one of the selected cities for implementation of the plan. Green wedges are mainly the undeveloped land that is marked by city planners as the protected area, a kind of community land that should not be developed commercially. It comes under the plan of sustainable development in rural areas and will come up again and again as regions that have to be protected. Preliminary survey and assessment of the plans was done in the southern part of England, Norfolk included. Metro political District and Unitary Development Plan policies were excluded mainly because they were already included in the Green belt policies and again including them in the Green wedge policy was found unnecessary. It was already decided that they do not overlap. The preliminary survey did an assessment of all structural plans and policies. Again, most of the Green Wedges were planned in the Southern part of England. Some of the cities have already come under the Green Belt policy and they do not need Green Wedges. People manoeuvring the policy are trying to find suitable patterns for the whole country. They are also regulating to discover suitable features to be included owing to the special requirement of the particular town or city, within the countrywide pattern. Norfolk comes in the second category and number and mode of strategic gaps and green wedges and their requirements had to be planned for the purpose. Some comments and suggestions were welcomed for some time. But, District councils had to make their own plans and policies for implementing this ambitious plan. "In each case the account discusses the number and extent of strategic gaps and green wedges, their purposes, and any key Examination in Public (EIP) rulings which have affected the status of such policies" http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.aspid=1143456 Norfolk Country Council had always been preoccupied with the environmental balance of the county. It has to think about the river valleys, beautiful landscape, woodland and the wellknown Southern Bypass, most of which come under the southern part of the city. After the policy got approved in 1993, it became part of the major Structure Plan that got approved in 1999. there was a proposal in 1989 from the County Council suggesting that a Green Belt should be made around Norwich, and ultimately after much discussion, this proposal was rejected. But a preservation of environmental assets policy was introduced in its place. This policy was not only for preservation of the natural resources, but also for restraining and controlling of encroaching city expansions. This also intends to protect the historical heritage of the area and control the immediate countryside by creating green wedges and strategic gaps to restrict the unbriddled growth and 'ribbon development' of the city. Green Belt Policy for this area was held to be unsuitable because city growth was considered to be within limits and this makes the existing

Marketing Fundamental Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Fundamental - Assignment Example Target marketing and market segmentation is one of the important marketing fundamentals. It is important for the business organizations to segment their products and services according to the characteristics of target market. Business organizations generally develop several marketing strategies according to the age, gender, location and behaviour of the customers. Effective and appropriate target market strategy can help an organization to develop strong and potential customer and business client base. In addition to this, it is important for the organization to control several business operation cost in order to maximize business profit margin. Lack of effective operational cost control strategy may result significant loss which can hamper entire business operation and productivity. Brand management and brand building strategies are considered as other important marketing fundamentals. It is true that high brand image motivate the target customers to buy or consume the products. Strong brand building strategy helped an organization to secure an intangible asset that helps to attract the customers of various cultural backgrounds towards the brand. Detailed market research is important for the organization to develop a new brand or a product. It is highly important for the organizations to plan several marketing activities according to the competence of products and current market demand. Last but not the least; it is essential for the marketing managers to judge the performance of products. and services through the help of product life cycle matrix. It is the most important marketing fundamental strategy that

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Cover letter - Essay Example The motive was to gain competence on how to identify the possibility of stroke in postoperative orthopedic patients. The course enabled me understand the neurologic patterns that may indicate the danger of stroke in orthopedic patients. Currently, I am pursuing a certificate course on Advanced Cardiac Arrest Support to boost my service to severe orthopedics cases that require information on cardiac arrest. My intention is to advance in the leadership ladder. I have successfully served several leadership positions in various institutions. I served as a charge nurse on a medical unit from 1983 to 1995. The position entailed supervising other nurses, offering support to them and also caring for patients. The position helped advance my leadership skills. I was promoted to Unit Supervisor in 1996 after satisfactory service at the Charge Nurse position. I have served as the unit supervisor from 1996 to date. The position entails supervising a nursing unit in the orthopedics department. I ensure the wellness of the unit nurses as well as ensuring that patients receive quality care from the nurses. My education and experience prove my commitment to excellence. I can fit into any nursing leadership roles. I hope the information will be useful in making a decision on hiring me for a leadership role. I am looking forward to hearing from you. I am a Registered Nurse with more than 30 years of nursing experience. My specialty has been in orthopedics. I am a team player, team leader and skilled in current and emerging trends in my scope of practice. I am attentive to details and always put the health of the patients first in any decisions I make. I am also emotionally intelligence and hence able to make objective decisions on any emerging issue, trend or practice. I am keen to study new concepts that add value to my practice such as ACLS and NIHSS

Evaluating Performance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluating Performance - Case Study Example It helps in maintaining ownership of the company. The choice of how to run your business is your own; the lender has no say in it. Acme, being an MNE, has shareholders and the major shareholder might not want to loose control of the company. Debt financing helps in that. The impact of bank interest is also on tax deductions, if the bank is charging you 10 percent for your loan, and the government taxes you at 30 percent, then there is an advantage to taking a loan you can deduct. Take 10 percent and multiply it by (1-tax rate), in this case it's: 10 percent times (1-30 percent), which equals 7 percent. After your tax deductions, you'll be paying the equivalent of a 7 percent interest rate. (Richards, n.d.) Interest rates keep fluctuating; as Acme is investing in another country the bank may charge a higher interest rate. Also nowadays, banks have started a new thing, they don't fix the interest rate thus if conditions change and the interest rates change the banks will also charge a higher interest rate. The more you borrow, the more unstable your company may look. In other words it affects the company's credit rating. The higher your credit rating, the riskier you business looks to the lender. This way it becomes difficult to get loans when you really need them. The funds received through equity financing do not have to be paid back. The money is spent on expanding the business. Also the investors who buy share are more interested in the profitability rather than security while banks consider the security aspect the most. The cash flow generated from the business operations can be used for the business rather than paying back the lenders. The investors are interested in the business operations and can help the company in functioning properly and by giving advice. Also, they are willing to make further investments just so that the company remains profitable. The disadvantages of equity financing are: Raising equity financing is costly and time consuming. Background information is required and the time it takes to roll out the share into the market and the investors to buy is plenty. The shareholder will have bought a share of your business and will have a say in its operations. Your share in the company will then be diluted. The investor will have to be told

A Comparison of the Education System in China and the USA Research Paper

A Comparison of the Education System in China and the USA - Research Paper Example It would be easier for working parents and provide children with a better education. The summer break often creates a situation that what has been learned the year before is not successfully retained, thus much of the next year is spent reviewing what had already been taught. This wastes time and children suffer for nostalgia for a system that no longer has a specific purpose. Another reason that this system prevails is that communities have complete control of their school systems, only complying with federal standards where financial incentives put pressure on the districts. Education is not universally standardized from one community to the next, thus there is no nationally recognized conformity. Certain standards are expected and assessed through tests which allow federal funds to become available, but the systems are still autonomous (Ravitch 105). The American systems are burdened by this autonomy with each community having a different set of expectations and standards that mus t then be set into a position to conform to state and then federal systems in order to qualify for funding that supplements the community’s own funding for the schools. While this helps community schools to have structure, it does not standardize education across that nation. This creates wide disparities from one educational system to the next. Pressures on students in American schools is most often assessed through per pressures as students compete in the social setting, immaterial to academic achievement. Students do not take their academic achievement near as seriously as the social pressures within their classes and their social structure creates classifications that stereotype each individual student’s experience.... This paper approves that both systems would benefit from a reconstruction of the way in which education is approached. Both systems tend to focus on the needs that the state puts forth for student achievement, rather than the purposes of education. The systems require cultural adjustments to how education is perceived. Both systems are subject to social beliefs that hamper the true purpose of education which is to increase the intellectual responses that students have to the world. Because of being stuck in cultural morays that dictate belief systems that are focused solely on financial success, a great loss of potential is experienced as the end is seen as the only goal, rather than the journey towards that end. Culture is getting in the way of meaningful learning. This essay makes a conclusion that while greatly diverse in cultural systems, the Chinese and the American school systems suffer from similar results that come from very different sources. The problems with the education in both systems are defined by the failures of the cultures to assess the true needs of students as they head towards the future. While the Chinese culture supports a more realistic foundation of the needs of success, the American system allows for the pursuit of more individuated goals and experimentation with outside activities. The nature of education, however, the ability to become resources for innovation towards a better future is stunted in both systems as students face pressures that are not about academics, but about beliefs that are defined by social pressure.

History of Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Computers - Essay Example The study would even outline trend of computer science profession in next 10 years. The beginning stage of computers has its roots in 19th century. Its history is closely knitted with an English mathematics professor called as Charles Babbage. He was able to frame the design of an analytical machine. On basis of this framework computers are being designed in present scenario. Computers can briefly be categorized into three generations. Each generation basically lasts for a specific time frame. These generations individually has delivered improved and new computer or rather further modifications on existing ones. First generation was from 1937 to 1946. Electronic digital computer firstly was designed in 1937 by Clifford Berry and Dr. John V, Atanasoff. It was known as ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer. During 1943 for military purpose an electronic computer was designed called as Colossus. It was followed by wide range of other developments encompassing general purpose digital computer. This device was also known as Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer or ENIA C. It was stated that this computer had a total of 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. These were mainly used for purpose of processing. Computers belonging to this generation were able to perform only one task at a time and possessed no such operating system. Second generation can be outlined from 1947 to 1962. In this generation vacuum tubes were discarded and transistors were utilized due to high reliability. The first computer mainly for commercial usage was introduced in 1951 and this was called as UNIVAC 1 or Universal Automatic Computer. IBM or International Business Machine 700 and 650 series had set their mark in world of computers. In this generation particularly more than 100 programming languages were created. This generation computers possessed operating systems and memory (Dale and Lewis, 2007). Storage media like disk and tape were effectively used along with

Communication Approaches Used by Corporate Essay

Communication Approaches Used by Corporate - Essay Example It is therefore important for the organizations to provide excellent and efficient means of communication to the people working in the organization to make sure that all the work that is done is of highest quality (Fritz, Narasiman & Ree 1998). Communication has become an important part of corporate planning. Specialist communication departments and Management Information Technology professionals have been recruited by organizations over the years to streamline its communication resources and flow. These specialist have also developed approaches of Corporate communications have been developed over the last few years to provide organizations around the world as a guide as to what is the best communication approach in the given scenario. There has also been good amount of research done in this field and many new approaches were innovated and test. Although there is no absolute answer as to which approach is the best, an organization is supposed to change its communication approaches ov er the years in order to obtain the best possible results. The process of communication these days is very different to what was practiced in the past. The developments of internet and cellular communication technologies have changed the entire paradigm of communication. The top level management, as a result of this, is more aware of what is happening at the production lines than they were before. This has improved the decision making as top level management is closer to the production level activities. This is a good thing and further development in the communication strategy and channels would lead to further streamlining of an organization’s operations. (Hax & Majluf 1984) A good example of corporate communication strategy and approach can be learned from the Shell/Royal Dutch Case. In 1995, the company decided to sink its Brent Spar in the Atlantic Ocean. This resulted in protests and a campaign against the company. Many customers boycotted the company’s products, most notably in Germany, The Netherlands and The United Kingdom. As a result, the company experienced massive drop in sales and was financially hurt badly. At first Shell responded stubbornly. It stated sink Brent Spar was the best decision and the accusation by conservationists and Greenpeace were wrong. This did not improve the company’s image and neither changed the public opinion against Shell resulting in further drop down of sales. Nine months down the road, Shell was involved in another controversial environment degradation activity in Nigeria. This time Shell responded more proactively. It invited stakeholders, environment experts, interest groups and other concerned parties for a debate. The change in communication style from Shell was evident this time around. Its communication strategy was changed from â€Å"Buffering† to â€Å"Bridging†. It was more willing to talk and hear the other side. Later that year Shell published an ethical report on its focu s on Corporate Social Responsibility and followed it up with another report. Meanwhile it continued to fund public projects and keep telling the public that it is a socially responsible company. Shell also acknowledge that the problem has arisen because in the past communication was not very open. It issued â€Å"Tell Shell† cards to the protestors to put forward their ideas and guide Shell what to do. This is an example of effective communication and it eased the problems that Shell was

The programme you are discussing Essay Example for Free

The programme you are discussing Essay When it comes to props for individual characters, the most identifiable would be that of Pat Butchers huge earrings, which seem to get bigger and more wild as the years go on but strangely enough, you do see people turned out like this in the Eastend and though you wonder why, it is a code which should be included because its realistic and is a great example of key observation by the Eastenders research team. They also cleverly use simple items such as fruit machines, dartboards and the statue of Queen Victorias Head in the pub itself to bring together all aspects of the traditional East-end local. The set itself is based at Elstree studios in Hertfordshire and is filmed on a real street used as the set. A lot of research has obviously gone into creating the right location, as everything seems very realistic, even minor aspects such as the Arthur Fowler memorial bench in the middle of the street, the high steps leading up to the houses, the local pub with the market outside, the fish and chip shop and the underground train station; it all fits together nicely to connote a typical London area. There are also extra details with things like graffiti and fly-posters on the walls. Along with the stereotypes of the cast, it all works successfully and again has obviously come from very observant, detailed work. It would be practically impossible to put these codes and conventions into another medium with similar affect. Take the original medium form of Soap; radio, for example. The whole structure of Eastenders would have to be adapted to work with sound only and it couldnt possibly be considered as the same entertaining show. As I have just discussed; a good majority of Eastenders success comes from the great detail and accuracy used in the mise-en-scene, which is what can actually be seen in each shot, therefore this could not easily be transferred to a medium such as radio. Radio uses only sound and relies on the audiences imagination for image creation, therefore the minor aspects such as graffiti, fly-posters on the wall and Pat Butchers character-identifying earrings cant be constantly described without boring the audience. If Eastenders was originally created for radio only, the team would have a completely different approach and would rely only on street-like, rural sound effects to create the London scene, they would hope the audience imagines aspects like graffiti but in some cases they wont. As a radio show, they would have to emphasise and rely more on storylines rather than setting, props and costume, therefore with their current entertainment methods Eastenders would not be a successful radio show, however, if it was greatly adapted, it could work but would seem like a different show completely. As far as Im aware, soap has never been attempted at the medium level of a theatre, stage production. Again, I feel this would need great adaptation and this would most likely take it out of the Soap Opera category. A Soap Opera traditionally updates every week in different episodes with storylines being introduced, finished or continued. Though, Im not aware of a rule stating that this must be the case for it to be classed as a Soap Opera but then the current and original shows themselves set the rules and boundaries. I suppose a Soap Opera could be attempted to fit all in one solid show, this would traditionally be the case if it was to be done in a theatre production but it would be a very intense production and probably would be unsuccessful at what its trying to achieve. If the team intended for viewers to return every week to see the next part of the story it may make it just inside of the Soap Opera category but this still would not be successful as it would limit the amount of viewers to a minimal amount, which seems pointless and would not be successful for anyone. If cameras were to be used in the theatre itself allowing it to also be broadcast, that would make a little more sense, so people can decide if they want to try and watch it at the theatre itself or on their television at home. Though this would also limit the forms of codes and conventions that can be used and would have to be performed live and we all know we dont appreciate Soap Operas for their acting qualities. With little use of locations in a theatre, it wont have any appeal! If Eastenders was to be attempted in this medium, it would be interesting to see how it turns out. Though, again I feel it may as well be given a different title because it wouldnt be able to work with the successful methods it uses on our television screens today. Robert J Thompson of the Museum of Television and Radio suggests They are worlds without end stating the fact that Soap Opera cannot work in theatre because theatre productions all have to end at some point, simple as that. Eastenders is generally suited to television because Soap Operas of this calibre are designed to run alongside our lifestyles for us to relate to everyday. Its influential codes and conventions are for the pleasure and interest of the human eye. Therefore, it can only work on a television medium. It could be argued that Eastenders in a film medium would allow use of the same techniques but this would again be kept within a maximum time limit of about three to four hours, therefore in my view, cannot be considered a Soap Opera. In her 2003 book Soap Opera, Dorothy Hobson suggests that Eastenders cannot work to its full individual potential by any other existing medium than television from the fact that it shows a Cultural London. She states that other media forms would only show a Metropolitan view, as Cultural media productions are best suited for television. Eastenders embraces the modern version of the East End and has shown to be multicultural by consistently including a wide range of Asian and black, first and second generation Londoners. Eastenders has integrated good and bad characters, as representations of many cultures, creeds and colours. Another view is that of Ron Simon from the Museum of Television and Radio who claims that television makes Eastenders easier for people to relate to, as they can sometimes see parts of their own lifestyles around the characters on screen, viewing things they have experienced themselves. On the radio they are never sure exactly what the image is supposed to be, Eastenders is directed at that basis of human relation. I believe that the majority of the codes used in Eastenders cannot be transferred to the viewer by any other medium as successfully as television proves to do so today. When a new medium overcomes television in this field, a whole new Soap Opera era will begin. Bibliography Soap Opera by Dorothy Hobson (Polity Publishers) www. mtr. org (Museum of Television and Radio) Eastenders Real Soap by Karen Sinotok (Generation Publications) Eastenders Whos Who by Kate Lock (BBC Publications) (NOT USED) Brookside Real Soap by Kay Nicholls (Generation Publications) (NOT USED) Reading Television by John Fiske (Routledge) (NOT USED)

African Caribbean Culture In The United Kingdom Marketing Essay

African Caribbean Culture In The United Kingdom Marketing Essay African-Caribbean communities organize and participate in Caribbean Carnivals Caribbean style carnivals throughout the UK. The best known of these is the annual  Notting Hill Carnival, attracting up to 1.5 million people from Britain and around the world, making it the largest street festival in Europe. The carnival began in 1964 as a small procession of Trinidadians in memory of festivals in their home country. Leeds West Indian Carnival  is Europes oldest West Indian carnival and now attracts around 130,000 people. Other carnivals include the Leicester Caribbean Carnival and the Birmingham International Carnival. British African-Caribbean people A majority of the African-Caribbean population in the UK is of Jamaican origin; other notable representation is from Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Montserrat, Anguilla, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Guyana (which although located on the South American mainland is culturally similar to the Caribbean and was historically considered to be part of the British West Indies), and Belize. African-Caribbean people are present throughout the United Kingdom with by far the largest concentrations in London and Birmingham. Significant communities also exist in other population centres, notably Manchester, Bradford, Nottingham, Coventry, Luton, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff. In these cities, the community is traditionally associated with a particular area, such as Brixton, Harlesden, Stonebridge, Tottenham, Dalston, Lewisham, Edmonton, Peckham in London, West Bowling and Heaton in Bradford, Chapeltown in Leeds, St. Pauls in Bristol, or Handsworth and Aston in Birmingham or Moss Side in Manchester. According to the 2001 census, the largest number of African-Caribbeans is found in Lewisham, south-east London, with 9%. British African-Caribbeans have an extremely high rate of mixed-race relationships, and could in effect become the first UK ethnic group to disappear. Half of all British African-Caribbean men in a relationship have partners of a different ethnic background, as do one-third of all British African-Caribbean women. 2009 estimates for England alone roughly put the full African-Caribbean to partial African-Caribbean heritage ratio at 2:1, with over 900,000 people of African-Caribbean origin in total. England in 2009: 609,400 (approximately 1.20% of the English population) Regions with significant populations Greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Cardiff, West Midlands, Manchester, Bristol, Nottingham, Leicester Sheffield Caribbean London Its hard to say exactly which parts of London are synonymous with Caribbean culture. In August itll be Notting Hill, but although there are hubs of residential areas Peckham, New Cross, Dalston, and Lewisham That will have their fair share of Caribbean (and African) residents and at least a handful of grocers or takeaways selling Caribbean food; its a community thats fairly spread across town. Two main areas do stand out, however: Brixton in South London and Harlesden in the North West. Brixton Market is home to Europes largest amount of Afro-Caribbean foodstuffs, which obviously appeals to a large contingent of Afro-Caribbean consumers who can also find specialist hairdressers, barber shops as well as hair products in the surrounding streets. Harlesden also boasts its fair share of Caribbean cafà ©s and grocers, but is best known as the reggae capital of London. AFRO HAIR Black hair has been the subject of discussion for many years. Today, black hair has reached new heights, with new styles, news products, and leading hair fashions. Whether its natural Afro, braids, weaves or treatments make everyday a great hair day!   Latest Info MACADAMIA HAIR OIL In just three years, Macadamia Natural Oil has risen to become a global phenomenon in professional hair care. INTL BLACK HAIRITAGE 2012 The 2nd Intl Black Hairitage is back with an afternoon of films, QAs, talk, workshop as well as a Mini Market to celebrate and explore the culture and issues around natural living and holistic health. NATURAL NOVEMBER Natural November event showcasing the very best in natural hair, health and beauty products with special guests. INGRID FARRELL CELEBRATES East London hair stylist Ingrid Farrell is celebrating after reaching the finals of the prestigious English Hair and Beauty Awards. AFRO HAIR BEAUTY SHOW Afro Hair Beauty LIVE loves to introduce revolutionary style ideas and this year weve scouted out the freshest and most talked about movers and shakers in hair and beauty industry to make the shows line-up more exciting than ever! CREME OF NATURE AWARDS 2012 The Creme of Nature Community Action Award is all about giving something back to the many communities across the UK that have helped make Creme of Nature one of the most well known brands in the hair and beauty market for the past 30 years. BLACK HAIR INCOME (UK) NETWORK Kolorpurple Marketing, a Bedford based firm announced the launch of a network marketing program, Black Hair Income (UK) Network to tackle the problem of unemployment amongst women in the African and Caribbean community. MARCIA JOHNSON STILL A SUCCESS Prolific national hair champion Marcia Johnson has proved shes still number one in her industry, nine years after she won her first award as a hairdressing student at the College of North West London.   ORGANIC ROOT STIMULATOR Is your hair damaged, over-processed, shedding or breaking? It sounds like your overdue a Hair MOT, get the recovery underway with the Organic Root Stimulator Hair Mayonnaise an intensive conditioning treatment.   AMAZONIA ORGANICS This miracle treatment will transform all types of afro, relaxed, curly over-processed hair to a sophisticated level, organically and without the need for chemicals or harsh ingredients. The results are apparent instantaneously, producing a lush shine. Controls and nourishes dry hair.   HAIR CELEBRATION Hair Celebration at arc Gallery is an event inspired by Hair Power Skin Revolution: an anthology of poems and essays edited by Nicole Moore, in which Black and Mixed-race women explore the range of skin and hair experiences. CHRIS FOSTER Multi award-winning hairdresser Chris Foster provides a range of services to the hairdressing industry, from training and skill-development with the Foss Academy, through to session services, platform stylist and show organizer.   AFRO HAIR BEAUTY BIBLE   The Afro Hair Beauty Bible The must have beauty book for Women of Colour by Alison Husbands. This glossy stylish handbag sized book is complimented by stunning images in an easy to read format, just what a busy woman needs no matter what her lifestyle. GOOD HAIR DVD Written, produced and narrated by the worlds biggest comedian Chris Rock (Madagascar, The Longest Yard) and winner of the Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival 2009, GOOD HAIR is released on DVD by Icon Home Entertainment on 27 September 2010.   SPECIALIST LACE FRONT WIGS Whilst hair loss can occur due to medical reasons (hereditary, diffused, chemotherapy), the most common reasons for hair loss amongst black women is due to chemical processing or traction damage. AFRO SAXONS Chocolate Films documentary Afro Saxons blows the lid on Afro-hair competitions in the UK. A warm, inspirational and touching film that delves into the professional and home lives of the stylists while they express themselves with mind-blowing gravity-defying hair designs.   Business and Marketing Plan Summary The Marketing Plan for Beauty Queens Cosmetics Illustrates with a Vision to get a growth in Targeted Region with a mission to achieve a Unique and leading role in his business Industry. And it includes a Marketing and Sales Plan which if executed well then the company can get their targeted growth result. The Report is supported with a Regional Analysis of Target Area and some info on Hair Products in UK Region. The Business Business name: Beauty Queens Cosmetics Business structure: hair and cosmetics specially designed for African people Business location: African and Caribbean customers in UK Date established: The date you started trading. Business owner(s): List all of the business owners. Products/services: black Afro hair and cosmetic products Goals/objectives: Increase lifetime value of customers Increase the average number of items purchased per sale Increase the frequency that a loyal customer shops Increase the percentage of customers who are returning customers Increase the number of new customers Increase customer satisfaction Increase visibility and memorability of brand identity Increase new customers from referral and word of mouth The Market Target market: Black British women, African and Caribbean customers in United Kingdom. Marketing strategy: By offering a complete range of black Afro hair products, Services Solutions for a variety of customers requirements. Reach out the Giant Customer base from all sectors. Enhancing the Online marketing strategies to reach out the peoples via Internet marketing. Segmentation of Customers The bulk of the ethnic minority group as a whole are concentrated in large urban areas, especially London. An outstanding 80% of Black Africans and 61% of Black Caribbeans lived in London. Following London, the second largest proportion of ethnic minority population as a whole lived in the West Midlands (13%), followed by the South East (8%), and Yorkshire and the Humber (7%). So The Segmentation of customers should largely focus on London and Birmingham. Notably Manchester, Bradford, Nottingham, Coventry, Luton, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff have the good Number of afro Caribbean peoples. So the Major Focus should be on these cities. THE BUSINESS OF BLACK HAIR AND BEAUTY Size and Growth of Industry According to Cobweb Research, African Caribbean hairdressing is a rapidly expanding sector of the industry with an estimated 2,000 salons in the UK, at least half of which are located in London alone. The size and economic impact of this market is however, said to be vastly under-estimated. As a result, the Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses (KCBMEB) in partnership with Afro Hair Beauty conducted quantitative research to provide an estimate of the true size of the industry. Rough calculations result in an estimated 50 million pound market for London alone which employs approximately 5,000 people Hairdressing in general is one of the faster growing industries in the UK, and although black women are estimated to spend, on average, four times more on their grooming then the average woman, a lack of formal business skills amongst many Afro-Caribbean-led salons means that these businesses are not enjoying the same level of success as their mainstream counterparts. To further emphasize this point, research conducted by Business Link for Londons Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses also shows that expectations of growth in terms of employee size and turnover are not being achieved. The following table reveals that 16% of businesses expect to move out of the 5 or less employees category into the 6 plus category and almost one in ten of these businesses expect to move into the 10 plus employee category within the next two years. What happens in reality (if we compare 2 years ago and now) is that only 2% moved out of the 1-5 employee category, 3% out of the 6-10 em ployee categories, and 1% into the 10 plus employee category). Number of Staff in African-Caribbean Hair Beauty Businesses Two Years Ago Currently Expected in Two Years None 13% 7% 5% 1 5 employees 70% 72% 58% 6 10 employees 13% 16% 23% More than 10 employees 4% 5% 14% 100% 100% 100% Achieving Growth Potential African Caribbean Hairdressing is a rapidly expanding sector of the increasingly lucrative UK hair and beauty industry and since its inception has been one of the strongest growth areas in the Black and Minority Ethnic market. Added to this, the UKs ethnic population is growing by 2.5% a year and even more within London, which holds about half of the UKs BME population. Overall, the groups disposable income is estimated at  £12bn and the markets potential is further boosted by the fact that black women spend up to four times as much money on their hair as their white counterparts. Salon owners and professionals must be educated on the business case for increasing their business and technical skills, and formalizing their business processes so as to reap the benefits available to them in the form of training, funding opportunities, publicity and involvement in government initiatives aimed at achieving business growth within the sector. Attitudes need to be changed and to do so requires a social marketing campaign, the main objective of which should be to encourage the dissemination of information that informs and encourages salon owners and their employees to improve standards. As a result, Business Link for Londons Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses is working with partners, shebytes Ltd., and Afro Hair Beauty to: develop a sustainable programme of business training and support tailored to the needs of businesses in this industry revival of an industry association that will champion the needs of all players in this specialised market support the development of an accredited training academy which will meet the continuous skills and training needs of this dynamic market develop an online database of businesses in the industry, create inspirational case studies of good practice in the industry, and develop online tools that are specific and easily accessible to business owners and aspiring business owners in the industry Competitors Analysis Its up to entrepreneurs to attract and retain customers, and all your most profitable future clients already exist. Many of them probably belong to your competitors, so its up to you to persuade them to do business with you instead. This is a skill business owners can learn. At its base, it comes down to advertising, something successful entrepreneurs are doing anyway. Plus, if youre going after your competitors clients, your chances for success increase for two reasons: Youre targeting only those prospects who have already purchased or are in the process of purchasing a product or service similar to yours, and youre rewarding the competitions best clients for taking immediate action while showing you proof of their purchasing intent. To reach those prospects interested in making a purchase, here are five ideas you can use right now in your display or internet advertisements: If you have received a written estimate from any of our competitors, show us proof and youll receive a special discount at our establishment. Show proof that you received our competitors sales letter, sample or brochure and instantly receive $25 toward your next purchase with us. If you currently own an XYZ Widget, you immediately qualify for an instant credit of $20 toward our products and services. If your do-it-yourself home repair project didnt turn out right, show us your receipt for materials purchased, and youll receive an immediate discount up to 10 percent off your repair bill. Before worrying about the cost of gaining customers this way, remember that your initial rebate or incentive offer is a one-time acquisition cost. The lifetime value of acquiring this new client could easily be worth thousands of dollars or more to your business.   For this strategy to work, your ads must reach your competitions clients. Research the places your competitors advertiseonline and in newspapers, magazines and the Yellow Pagesand advertise there, too. Then, when creating your next advertising campaign, ask yourself if your incentive is irresistible enough to instantly steal business away from competitors. With enough incentive and reward for taking immediate action, youll have created an advertisement tempting enough to accomplish your goal. Differentiate yourself from your Competitors 1.  Reduce Expenses, Not Advertising Take a look at your Profit and Loss statement, or itemize all of your expenses, and ask yourself how each line can be eliminated or reduced. Find out where you can cut back. A little here and a little there will soon add up. However, the one expense you do NOT want to reduce is advertising. In fact, many retailers will increase their marketing efforts during slower sales periods because there is more competition and fewer consumer dollars. 2.  Get Creative Retailers in the same industry generally use similar marketing methods to reach customers. Now is the time to get creative and use unconventional marketing methods to distinguish your business from the competition. A unique marketing campaign attracts more attention and lands more sales. Also, look for some new untapped market you and your competitors overlooked. You may uncover a niche market you can dominate with little or no competition. 3.  Provide Outstanding Customer Service By going the extra mile to provide good service, retailers can outlast the competition. Make shopping in your store such a memorable experience that customers cant wait to come back or to tell their friends. People like to shop where they feel comfortable and where they feel the owner truly cares about their wants and needs. Use your salespeople to talk with your former customers, present customers, and the people who buy from your competitors. Not to be gauche as a business-performance consultant, the best-practice answer is to hire a competent outside-participant to learn customers attitudes. A hot topic: Since early 2009, it seems all we have heard about is social media and connecting with customers. Hence, the increasing popularity of social-media measurement, but it is still challenging to leverage social media for business success. It takes a savvy staff or outside experts to listen and engage prospective customers in the marketplace. Beat a Lower-Priced Competitor Its every companys nightmare: a competitor enters your market with a similar product priced at a fraction of what you currently charge. You need a strategy for beating the low-ballers. So whats the best way to proceed? On the one hand, all you need to do is drop your prices below the competition, and buyers will beat a path to your door. On the other hand, this approach will land you in a price war, and there are no winners in a price war only survivors. Even if you manage to run your competitor out of business, chances are you may not have much of a business left when the battle is over. Luckily, it  is  possible to beat a lower-priced competitor without crippling your profits. Thats the good news. The bad news is that youll need to make major operational changes, and youll need to rethink how you communicate with customers. The changes required may not be for the faint of heart, but theyre better than the alternatives. So gird your loins, corporate warriors; youre about to embark on one of the biggest strategy challenges youll ever face. Select a Value Strategy. Goal:  Lay the groundwork for repositioning your product. When customers prefer the lower priced of two items, its usually because they believe the cheaper item is a better value. To compete, you need to get the customer to value your product more than the competitions regardless of the price. There are four market strategies that accomplish this: Lower your prices.  Yes, this is an option. The challenge is to do it without destroying your own profit margins. (Well explain how to do that in the next step.) The big danger here is that youll end up with a price war, so you must ensure that you have what it takes to be the last firm standing. Example: Dell underpriced PCs during the 1990s in order to grow market share. Build a uniquely superior product.  Customers will pay more if theyre convinced your product is demonstrably better than the competition. This superiority can be rational (like a feature or function nobody else has), emotional (like a reputation for being cool), or a combination of both. Example: Car buyers pay more for Volvos because theyre seen as safer than other cars. Create a hassle-free experience.  Customers will pay extra if your product is easier to buy and use than the competitors. Example: Many shoppers happily pay more for the convenience of bagged lettuce, even though it is significantly more expensive than head lettuce. Take ownership of the customers results.  Customers will pay extra if, in addition to providing the product, you take responsibility for ensuring that it generates the results the customer seeks. Example: GEs Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines come with consulting programs, operating training, and a patient-preparation program a package that ensures that the machines will meet the hospitals performance expectations. Big Idea Where Do You Fit In? Think of product value as a grid. The left axis defines what you sell: Does your firm offer stand-alone products, or do you specialize in offering an ongoing set of services? The top axis is about your core value proposition: Does your offering compete largely on the basis of how much it costs, or does it offer features that make it unique? The more sophisticated your product gets, the more you can charge for it relative to the competition. Similarly, the more value your services provide, the more you can charge for them. Reposition, Readjust, and Reallocate Goal:  Make the internal changes necessary to support your strategy. Lowering your prices = Changing manufacturing and distribution.  To beat low-price competitors at their own game while also remaining profitable, you need to squeeze every last drop of inefficiency and cost from your manufacturing and distribution system. Example: If your competitor has outsourced its manufacturing to China, consider outsourcing your manufacturing to Vietnam, where costs are even lower.   Building a uniquely better product = Changing design and engineering.  Determine through market research what features or design will prompt customers to see your product as being unequivocally superior to the competition. Then get engineering to build it. Example: If youre launching a line of designer handbags, find out what fabrics and leather provide a look and feel that potential buyers view as upscale. Creating a hassle-free experience = Changing sales and marketing.  Figure out why its difficult to buy and use your competitors product, and then make it easy to buy and use yours. Example: Pioneer recently offered giant console TVs for sale at Home Depot, because many customers often already had a truck in the parking lot that they could use to haul the bulky item home. Taking ownership of the customers results = Changing customer support.  Build a deep bench of experts who really understand your customers businesses. Example: Under Lou Gerstner, IBM hired and retrained thousands of consultants, transforming the company from a mainframe computer vendor into a computing services vendor. Promote the New You Goal:  Communicate your new value strategy to potential customers. Once youve implemented all the operational changes required to reposition your product in the marketplace, its time to tell the world why your firm offers superior value. That means adopting a communications strategy that matches your market strategy, as follows: If you offer lower prices, mimic the competitions go-to-market strategy.  Ensure that whenever a customer sees a competitors product, your product is right next to it at a lower price. Example: Kinkos searches out local print/copy shops and locates a franchise across the street, offering prices that the local shop cant match and eventually driving them out of business. If you build a uniquely better product, target your advertising.  Reach customer groups that are most likely to believe your product is superior by selecting venues that the competition neglects. Example: Sonys VAIO PC business advertises in lifestyle magazines to reach female buyers, who are more likely to appreciate the VAIOs sleek design. If you create a hassle-free experience, generate positive word of mouth.  Make it easy for your customers to sell for you. Consider tell a friend coupons or offer referral fees. Example: Network Marketing products (like Amway) are typically priced higher than store-bought items, but they are sold by neighbors to neighbors (thats the word of mouth) and drop-shipped to the buyers (thats the hassle-free part). If you take ownership of the customers results, create a presence as an industry insider.  Get your sales consultants out to conferences, working groups, and industry-association meetings where they can work closely with decision-makers and develop consulting opportunities. Support your consultants with a wealth of case studies and reference materials. Example: The IT consulting firm Accenture promises to take responsibility for the successful implementation of the strategies it develops for clients. Some Big Online Competitors http://www.yhbuk.com/ Global Rank- 6,500,967 http://www.pakcosmetics.com/ Global Rank- 237,489 Rank in GB- 24,238 http://www.evolutionhairdressing.co.uk/ Global Rank- 21,314,825 http://www.miracleshairandbeauty.co.uk/ Global Rank- 19,385,944 http://www.blackbeautyandhair.com/ Global Rank- 1,644,907 http://www.bebeauty.co.uk/ Global Rank- 20,902,879 http://www.beautyqueens.co.uk/ Global Rank- 5,862,573 These People are doing much of advertising to make themselves more and more present online. Using Search Engine Optimization, they are turning more and more traffic towards their online stores. There are lots of SEO techniques by which one can get a good traffic to their websites. SEO Experts are well equipped in using all these techniques to make websites online presence more and better. Social Media networking platforms are best way to make a good number of local customers and targeted people. Marketing strategy Marketing activity/milestone Person responsible Time Duration Print advertising Marketing Manager Once in a month public relations Marketing Manager One Year branding and artwork Marketing Head One Year publications and catalogues Marketing Head online advertising SEO Expert 6 Months blog/social networking SEO Expert 6 Months mail-out SEO Expert 6 Months Website SEO Expert 6 Months Event Marketing Head Once in 6 months media release (Online Direct) Marketing Head Once in a month The Marketing Strategies are as simple as in every business all people Execute to increase their sales. These Strategies could be Online Marketing and direct both. Advertising sales Advertising and promotional strategy Planned promotion /advertising type Promotional strategy Execution Print media advertising By Using Business Print Media, The Top Most level of executives of Industry can see the Service we offer. The Relationship Manger with The Help of Design team can create an attractive designed offer to publish on daily print papers in their targeted audience. online advertising Using Online Advertisement, A huge amount of traffic comes to the desired destination we set as our goal. We can manage this process with SEO expert. He can design and execute the suitable template to most of searchable websites around the target. mail-out Using Email Marketing we send thousands or lacs of Emails to the Executives who have decisive power to Enhance their business. SEO expert team will manage this email marketing process with their executives. publications and catalogues In Publication Catalogues we Can Include Our Products, Features, Services and the Latest Offers for New and Old Customers. Our Clients Review also plays a vital role in this section. When Looking at the competitors, we can make us stand out with differentiate and make this offer available on publications, catalogues and daily prints. blog/social networking Social networking places are becoming the new platform to promote the businesses and can increase the traffic on the web. We can put our products and services there for the consumer in any part of the world. The SEO or Social Media team will do blog posts, classified ads on ad post sites, do make interact with local guys and make them feel better with our products and service. branding and artwork, Events These are the strategies where we can invite our global partners, clients, share holders and new people to tell how and what we achieved. We can make better retention of our old partners, clients etc and can acquire the new people for growing our business. Relationship managers team will Arrange Brand publish, event organise and invite key customers and big clients. There can be a Reward ceremony to our major partners and distributors. public relations This can be good if we have a good relationship manager; he can be good with the clients and can generate a referral program in his team for new Acquisition. We need a Good Relationship Manger from Local area with a good experience and fair knowledge of customers and local people. Online Sales and Marketing methods Online Advertising Channels Strategy Execution Online Business Directories Online directories give consumers a one-stop shop for finding local businesses that offer the products and services they need. There are general online business directories that host listings for business in various industries, but there are also more specific directories that hold listings for niche businesses. Choose quality online directories that receive constant traffic and that are updated frequently with new listings, as customers are more likely to use these sites. There are lots of Online

Viable But Non Culturable Bacteria Biology Essay

Viable But Non Culturable Bacteria Biology Essay Viable but Non-Culturable state is a unique survival strategy of many bacteria in environment in response to adverse environmental conditions. VBNC bacteria cant be cultured on routine microbiological media but they remain viable and retain their virulent capacity too. VBNC bacteria can be resuscitated when provided with appropriate conditions. A good number of bacteria including many human pathogens have been reported to enter VBNC state. Though, there was disputes on the existence of VBNC in past, extensive molecular studies have resolved most of them and VBNC has been accepted as distinct survival state by all. VBNC bacteria are considered as threats to public health and food safety due to their non-detectability and virulence as food and water have been reported to be contaminated with pathogens at VBNC state though conventional methods declared them as safe and clean. A number of outbreaks have also been reported where VBNC bacteria has been implicated as causative agent. Furthe r molecular and combinatorial research in conjunction with predictive modeling are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and to identify the critical points to tackle the threat posed by VBNC bacteria with regard to public health and food safety. Key words: VBNC, Pathogen, public health, Food safety, Detection Introduction The cells that form colony in specific media are the culturable cells. Viable means metabolically or physiologically active. So the cells those are metabolically or physiologically active but cant be cultured on specific media are the viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC) (Bogosian Bourneuf, 2001). Most microorganisms growing in nature have yet to be cultured in the laboratory. In fact less than 1% of the microorganisms in natural water and soil samples are cultured in viable count procedures (Barcian Arana, 2009). In 1982, Prof. Rita Colwell and co-workers introduced the term Viable But Non-Culturable Bacterial Cells (VBNC) to distinguish particular cells that could not form colonies on solid media but obtained metabolic activity and the ability to elongate after the administration of nutrients (Xu et al., 1982). According to Oliver (1995), VBNC can be defined as a metabolically active bacterial cell that crossed a threshold in this way, for known or unknown reasons and become unable to multiply in or on a medium normally supporting its growth. Most of the bacteria that enter VBNC state are gram negative species belonging to the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria branch, except for Rhizobium, Agrobacterium and Helicobacter-Campylobacter species (Oliver, 2000). History Debra Bashford and colleagues announced that they had recovered Vibrio cholerae from streams and drainage ditches, including sites with negligible chance of sewage contamination. Around the same lime, Rita Colwell was also finding Vibrio cholerae in Maryland. She and her coworkers showed that both this bacterium and E. coli, incubated in artificial sea water remained viable but lost the capacity to form colonies on culture media (Colwell Grimes, 2000). Soon Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnie and Legionella pneumophila joined the list of organisms known to be capable of entering a state in which they failed to show up on nutrient agar yet took up substrates and signaled in other ways that they were certainly not dead. The use of laboratory media to recover and enumerate bacteria and lo link them with or absolve them from pathological and other activities became obsolete by the new discoveries and a term VBNC (viable but non-culturable) came (McDougald et al., 1998). VBNC Microorganisms that do not grow in culture methods, but which are still metabolically active and capable of causing infections in animals and plants are said to be in VBNC state. The conditions for these organisms to resume growth are not being met using the normal laboratory culture conditions (Yamamoto, 2000). Bacteria that have been semi-starved will immediately resume growth when provided with the appropriate nutrients and conditions. Viable but non-culturable cells will not resume growth even when nutrients are provided (NystrÃÆ'-m, 2001). VBNC cells exhibit active metabolism in the form of respiration or fermentation, incorporate radioactive substrates, and have active protein synthesis but cannot be cultured or grown on conventional laboratory media. They have been detected by observing discrepancies between plate count enumeration of bacterial population and direct staining and microscopic counts (Sachidanandham Gin, 2009). These cells may be of particular problems in the e nvironment if they are pathogens, for example, viable but non-culturable cells of Vibrio cholerae, Enteropathogenic E. coli, Legionella pneumophila and various other bacteria have been shown to regain culturability after they have entered the intestinal tracts of animals (Colwell et al., 1996). The VBNC state is defined as a state of dormancy triggered by environmental harsh conditions, such as nutrient starvation (Cook Bolster, 2007), temperature (Besnard et al., 2002), osmotic stress (Asakura et al., 2008), oxygen availability (Kana et al., 2008), several food preservatives (Quirà ³s et al., 2009), heavy metals (Ghezzi Steck, 1999), exposure to white light (Gourmelon et al., 1994) and decontaminating processes, as pasteurization of milk (Gunasekera et al., 2002) and chlorination of wastewater (Oliver, 2005). VBNC state is believed to be a unique survival strategy of bacteria in response to environmental stresses (Oliver, 2010). It is also considered as an important reservoir of many human pathogens in the environment (Lleo et al., 2007). VBNC state has been a matter of dispute for ling since its inception, due to the difficulty of differentiation of VBNC cells dormant cells through resuscitation phenotypic studies, recent molecular studies, data of which supported the existence of VBNC state, the dispute has mostly been put to rest (Barer and Harwood, 1999). VBNC Pathogens Following list includes but not limited to pathogenic bacteria that can enter VBNC state (Oliver, 2010)- Aeromonas hydrophila, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli (including EHEC), Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus (types 1 and 2) Characteristics of Bacteria in VBNC state 1. Maintain apparent cell integrity; 2. possession of some form of measurable cellular activity (Lai et al., 2009); 3. possess apparent capacity to regain culturability (Anuchin et al., 2009); 4. respond to external stimulus by specific gene expression (kell et al., 1998); 5. low metabolic activity (oliver, 2005); 6. Exhibit dwarfing (Costa et al., 1999); 7. reduced nutrient transport; 8. High ATP level and high membrane potential (Signoretto et al., 2000); 9. extensive modifications in cytoplasmic membrane fatty acid compositions (Day Oliver, 2004); 10. Changes in cell wall peptidoglycan such as increasing cross linking, increasing muropeptides bearing covalently bound lipoprotein shortening of average length of glycan strands (signoretto et al., 2002); 11. Higher autolytic capability than exponentially growing cells; 12. Plasmids are retained; 13. changed antibiotic sensitivity as metabolic activity is lower, most bacteria at VBNC state demonstrate high antibiotic resistance (Ol iver, 2010); 14. Changes in outer-membrane protein profile (Muela et al., 2008); 15. Continuous gene expression (Maalej et al., 2004) etc. Conditions stimulating VBNC state In the environment, bacterial cells can enter VBNC state may be due to- 1. Lack of nutrients; 2. Lack of temperatures; 3. High pressure; 4. Sharp changes in pH or salinity (Cunningham et al., 2009); 5.damage to or lack of an essential cellular component; 6. DNA damage; 7. activation of lysogenic phages or suicide genes such as sok/hak or autolysins (Aizenman et al., 1996); 8. Nutrient starvation; 9. incubation outside the normal temperature range of growth; 10. elevated or lower osmotic concentrations; 11. oxygen concentrations (Mascher et al., 2000); 12. food preservatives; 13. Heavy metals (Del Campo et al., 2009); 14. exposure to white light; 15. pasteurization of milk (Gunasekara et al., 2002); 16. chlorination of wastewater (Oliver, 2005) etc. Public health significance of VBNC Though virulence of bacteria in VBNC state is still not very clear, many believed that pathogens in VBNC state are unable to induce infection/disease but still retain their virulent properties has potential to cause disease infection following resuscitation and resume of active metabolic state, which occurs when they pass through host animal (Baffone et al., 2003). The VBNC state appears to be the common to many bacteria especially those which have aquatic habitats, and may represent a mechanism to survive adverse environmental factors as temperature, salinity etc. or have a means of inducing cross protection against other adverse factors (Du et al., 2007). Among these bacteria entering this state are many significant human pathogens and indicator bacteria of these pathogens; such cells may represent a public health hazard and may be a factor in human health and/or disease (Rivers Steck, 2001). Even today, it is still not possible to cultivate most bacterial species directly from the environmental samples or after exposure of previously culturable cells to environmental conditions unfavorable for growth and multiplication in vitro. The passage of VBNC through an appropriate animal host will induce return of culturability. Even these VBNC bacteria retain their pathogenicity and may trigger life in vivo and thus cause severe disease (Sardessai, 2005). Under normal condition it is not possible to culture or detect VBNC. Many diagnostic laboratory set up does not have sufficient molecular facilities to detect VBNC. In case of food and water quality control test, such VBNC may not be detected. Even some indicator of some pathogenic bacteria undergoes VBNC state and may remain undetected (Signoretto et al., 2004). Upon consuming such food or after drinking such water, one may be infected by those VBNC that can trigger life as well as pathogenicity (Adams et al., 2003). Thus, environmental and clinical samples no longer can be considered free from pathogens if culturing yields negative results. For the general public, the presence of VBNC in water and food may be related to low-grade infections or so called aseptic infection. For example, Vibrio cholerae O1 in the surface water remain as non-culturable state. These water sources are used for domestic purpose regularly and posed a risk of infection (Edwards, 2000). When conditions are not favorable for growth then it transforms to the non-culturable state in association with crustacean copepods. Persistence of Vibrio cholerae in water in the VBNC state is an important public health factor, since detection will not be successful if only conventional cultural methods are used (Barer et al., 1993). Similarly, Shigella can undergo VBNC state in water but become a threat when enter in human body. Thus it is important to recognize that non-culturable bacteria are capable of producing diseases. The first evidence of pathogenicity of non-culturable cells was the demonstration of fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loop assay (RICA) by VBNC Vibrio cholerae O1, followed by human volunteer experiments (Amel et al., 2008). VBNC E. coli non-culturable cells were re-isolated after passage through rabbit ileal loops 4 days post inoculation and chick embryos died when injected with non-culturable cells of Legionella pneumophila, led to the conclusion that VBNC pathogens remain potentially pathogenic. So, VBNC has a huge significance in public health care (Cappelier et al., 2007). Reports indicate that many potentially harmful bacteria survive treatment and persist in processed food, pasteurized milk, potable water and in the environment (Colwell et al., 2000). Many evidences suggested that recurrent urinary tract infections in many individuals are caused by uropathogenic E. coli cells which remain in VBNC state (Anderson et al., 2004) thus resistant to antibiotic treatment cause reinfection when resuscitate back to active metabolic state (Steck, 2001; Mulvey et al., 2001). Studies also showed that uropathogenic E. coli retain enteropathogenicity at VBNC state through continued production of enterotoxin (Pommepuy et al., 1996). Nilsson et al. (2002) showed that VBNC Helicobacter pylori cells can express virulence factors such as cagA, vacA and vreA. All these above evidence proved that many deathly pathogenic strains not only enter but also persist survive in VBNC state in environment most of them remain infectious as well. VBNC state of foodborne bacteria- a challenge in food safety Many evidences suggested presence of VBNC bacteria in food (Ordax et al., 2009). For example, in stored wine, acetic acid and lactic acid bacteria entered VBNC state as consequence of lack of oxygen and presence of sulphites, respectfully (Millet and Lonvaud-Funel, 2000). Food and its surrounding environment is a complex system, in which physic-chemical characterisitcs (pH, aw, chemical composition) and environmental factors (storage temperature and time, decontamination treatments, packaging under modified atmosphere) act simultaneously on contaminating bacteria (Sun et al., 2008). For example, it has been demonstrated that refrigerated pasteurized grapefruit juice induced VBNC state in E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium within 24 hours of incubation (Nicolo et al., 2011). Again, Gunasekera et al. (2002) reported that in pasteurized milk which have undergone thermal treatment, contaminating bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas putida enter into VBNC state but retained transcription and translation machineries. Several foodborne outbreaks has been reported in Japan, where pathogen such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Asakura et al., 2002) and E. coli O157 (Makino et al., 2000) in food in VBNC state were responsible for the outbreak. Therefore, the role of food and treatment for food preservation in induction of VBNC state has to be elucidated. Predicitve models offered by biomathematics and bioinformatics would be very helpful tools, in order to evaluate the possibility that, under certain conditions, pathogen bacteria contaminating a tipology of food may enter the VBNC state (Fakruddin et al., 2012). Methods of detection of VBNC bacteria 1. Bright Field Microscopy with Nalidixic acid For detection of Bright-field or light microscopic is usually used. Cell division inhibitor such as nalidixic acid (20-40 mg/L) is used to stop cell division. After such treatment the viable cells, which actively growing, will be appeared as lengthen and the non-viable/ metabolically inactive cell will remain as it is. The cells are then observed under microscope. Viable cells will be seen as elongated whereas VBNC/ dormant cells will be seen as oval and large. 2. Fluorescent Microscopy Various fluorescent staining procedures are used in combination with other procedure to determine VBNC organisms. Frequently used stains are Acridine orange, 4,6- Diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI), Fluorescein isothiocyanante (FITC), Indophenyl-nitrophenyl-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT), 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) etc (Villarino et al., 2000). Table: Fluorescent dyes used for detection of VBNC bacteria Dye Mechanism Reaction Acridine orange Acridine orange stain cells depending on the ratio of DNA to protein in the cells Actively reproducing cells appear green but slow-grower or non-reproducing cells at time of staining appear orange Di-amino-phenyl-indole (DAPI) Living cells look green under fluorescent microscope Indophenyl-nitrophenyl-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) INT deposit red dye in cells that have active dehydrogenase and thus determine which of the observed cells are metabolically active INT react with dehydrogenase enzyme to produce formazone and red color, thus living cells appear red. Nalidixic acid (NA) Lengthen metabolically active cells, VBNC cells remain as it is Cells that are dividing appear to be longer in size than VBNC Fluorescein isothiocyanante (FITC) Enzyme activity in living cell FITC stain living cells violet or blue In recent years, a new differential staining assay, the BacLight ® Live/Dead assay, has been developed. The assay allows to simultaneously count total and viable (metabolically active) cells, by using two nucleic acid stains, that is green-fluorescent SYTO ® 9 stain and red-fluorescent propidium iodide stain. These stains differ in their ability to penetrate intact cell membranes. When used alone, SYTO ® 9 stain labels both live and dead bacteria. In contrast, propidium iodide penetrates only bacteria with damaged membranes, reducing SYTO ® 9 fluorescence when both dyes are present. Thus, live bacteria with intact membranes fluoresce green, while dead bacteria with damaged membranes fluoresce red (Rowan, 2011). 3. Gene probe / oligonucleotide probe / hybridization: Molecular analysis can also be used to study non-culturable microorganisms in nature. Oligonucleotide probes of l8-20 nucleotides are proving most useful because they hybridize rapidly to specific DNA sequences of target organisms. These gene probes can reveal closely related organisms or organisms with similar functional capabilities. Especially useful for the analyses of rRNA that demonstrate the presence of diverse microbial populations whose phylogenetic relationships can be ascertained by comparison with rRNA sequences from previously described microorganisms (Josephson et al., 1993). Blotting: There are different types of blotting such as colony blot, slot blot, dot blot and southern blot. The principle of blotting is the use of radio- or non-radioactive or fluorescence labeled probe (DNA/RNA/Antibody) to detect VBNC cells directly from the environmental samples. Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH): In situ hybridization is an alternative format for hybridization probes in which fluorescence labeled DNA or RNA probes are hybridized with target nucleic acids in whole, permeabilized cells. The application of this method to the detection of single microbial cells by using rRNA-targeted probes in combination with epifluorescent microscopy has been developed. This is done through selective targeting of regions of rRNA, which consist of conserved and variable nucleotide regions. By choosing the appropriate rRNA probe sequence, FISH can be used to detect all bacterial cells (a universal probe) or a single population of cells (a strain specific probe) of VBNC. It has lower sensitivity and cannot distinguish live and dead cells. 4. Molecular techniques: Hybridization probes and DNA/RNA amplification: Hybridization probes are nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) which have been (a) chemically or radioactively labeled and are used to detect complementary target DNA/RNA. Hybridization assay DNA/ RNA probes form a stable double stranded structure with target nucleic acid via H-bonding between complementary bases. Amplification of targets: DNA Based methods: Specific amplification of DNA targets in bulk DNA extracts from environmental and clinical samples permits detection of specific organisms or groups of related organisms without the need to cultivate them. DNA recovery procedures do not discriminate between culturable and non-culturable forms of the target organisms- all cells with intact amplification targets will be detected. Confocal laser microscopy in combination with fluorescence-based hybridization assays, also provide a more sensitive method for detecting and identifying VBNC organisms. RNA based methods: Due to the failure of distinguishing between dead or live cells by DNA-based methods, the mRNA level may be a valuable estimate of gene expression and/or cell viability under different conditions (Lleo et al., 2000). RT-PCR: RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase PCR) can distinguish between Live and dead cell. This is possible because this is an mRNA based method and mRNA is short lived (half-life less than 1 minute), mRNA is only present in metabolically active cells, not found in nature after the cell death. By this method we can study community relationship and can also detect non-culturable but active or live cells. DNase enzyme is used during the isolation of RNA from environmental samples. Reverse transcriptase and random primers are added to the reaction mixture and the RNA in the sample (both RNA and rRNA) is transcribed into DNA. PCR is then use to amplify the specific sequence of interest (Pai et al., 2000). Is the concept of VBNC is a misnomer? By extending the concept of bacterial self-suicide scientists tried to explain what happens when cells are exposed to chemical and physical injury (Forsman et al., 2000). Thus VBNC organisms came alongside with those, which do not grow in ordinary media but which do grow when offered selective or enrichment media. They said, Such cells are not un-culturable they wrote We are simply failing to provide appropriate conditions to support culture (Sinton, 2006). The reasons, which made the term, VBNC a misnomer are as follow: 1. Bacteria that have been semi-starved will immediately resume growth when provided with the appropriate nutrients and conditions. But viable but non-culturable bacteria do not resume growth when nutrients are provided. Evidence suggests that these cells have become too starved to be able to grow on rich medium initially; this phenomenon was observed over three decades ago and was known then as substrate accelerated death (Heim et al., 2002). It was found that substrate that normally supported growth of certain Gram-negative bacteria hastened their death when introduced into starved populations of these bacteria. These substrates were considered lethal substrates. These starved cells require an adjustment period to allow phenotypic adaptation back to the normal growth state (Epstein, 2009). A sudden shift to nutrient rich agar creates a metabolic imbalance that results in the formation of super-oxide and free radicals, causing DNA damage that can result in cell death (Barer Harwood , 1997). 2. There is yet no complete and perfect media to isolate arid culture all the organisms from environment. 3. Cells are usually-injured or stressed or starved condition in natural environment. So complete system has been devised to enrich or resuscitated the VBNC cells. Culture condition that can be applied in laboratory is not sufficient to recover all microorganisms i.e. yet it is not possible to provide or stimulate exact environmental conditions in the laboratory. Conclusion Regardless of the role that the VBNC state plays, it is clear that a large number of non-spore-forming bacteria, most notably a large number of human pathogens, are capable of entering this state, maintaining cellular structure and biology and continuing significant gene expression while otherwise non-culturable by standard laboratory methods. That they can exit from this state, and become culturable again, is also undeniable. Finally, it can no longer be questioned that the VBNC state plays a critical role in the survival of important human (and other) pathogens, and possibly in their ability to produce disease.

Essay --

†¢ Kite Runner, published by Riverhead Books, and that first appearance became an international bestseller and dearly loved classic, sold in at least 70 countries and staying more than a 100 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. In May 2007, Hoesseini’s second novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, was at #1 on the New York Times bestseller list. Collectively, the 2 books have sold more than ten million copies in the US and more than thirty eight million copies globally. The Kite Runner was modified into a detailed novel of the similar name in 2011. †¢ Overall it is a good book: well written and well expressed, persuasive, attention-grabbing concept, convincing characters, an open plot but a little too dragged theme. The story is very alluring but I didn't really take (or rather found) pleasure in reading it. It wasn’t a struggle flipping through the pages, and some parts definitely held me back from reading the book, especially when Hassan dies. I could not register the fact that Hassan, the heart of the tale, has been removed from the plot line midway through the book. It left me ...

Youth and Beauty Essay -- Media Plastic Surgery Self Image Essays

Youth and Beauty America is a prosperous country. In fact, sociologists have discovered a uniquely American disease that they call â€Å"affluenza.† This term refers to the stress and related disorders that develop from Americans’ need to constantly spend money on material possessions and supposed self-improvement. It is not enough to just be comfortable, we must have it all and look perfect. We work ourselves ragged and neglect our families and relationships just so we can buy the latest television, even though the three we already have work just fine. People in third world countries struggle to keep their children fed. If work is available, they earn money to buy basic necessities; they do not have the luxury of saving up for a new car. As Americans, we are so caught up in the materialistic that advertising is a billion-dollar industry in this country. What we buy also relates to our other obsessions: youth and beauty. We worship celebrities, but only until they turn fifty . Movies featuring older actors (women in particular) are rare; and even our numerous â€Å"reality† television shows all feature beautiful people in their mid-twenties to early-thirties. However, this is not reality: Americans are made up of people of all ages and shapes. Since we can afford it, we buy whatever nature does not provide, from makeup to plastic surgery. Our advertising reflects consumer demand, which in turn reflects American priorities. While people in poorer countries can not pay for surgery that they need to survive, Americans spend millions on surgery to make them look better. For example, the number of breast augmentation surgeries increased five hundred and ninety-three percent from 1992 to 2002 according to the American... ...ese ads play to that mindset. They say that you can have your looks without spending large amounts of time or money on plastic surgery; and since we as a society have a large expendable income, we are particularly susceptible to this type of advertising ploy. We want to be able to buy as many things as we want, so we are attracted to products that can save us money while giving us what we think we need. Cosmetics also offer more rapid results than surgery, which is important in our fast-food culture. It is a promise of youth and beauty in a bottle: what every American wants. Works Cited American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2004. 20 February 2004. . Lutz, William. â€Å"With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything.† Exploring Language. Ed.Gary Goshgarian. Pearson Longman, New York: 2004, 393-406.